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29. Servic e of foreign summonses.

30. Power to order discovery and the like.

31. Summons to witness.

32. Penalty for default

33. Judgment and decree.

34. Interest

35. Costs.

35A. Compensatory costs in respect of false or vexatious claimsor defenses.

35B. Costs for ca using delay.

36. Application to orders

37 . Definition of Court which passed a decr ee.

38. Court by which decree may be exec uted.

39. Transfer of decree.

40. Transfer of decree to Court in another State.

41. Result of execution proceedings to be certified.

42. Powers of Court in executing transferred decree.

43. Executio n of decrees passed by Civil Courts in places towhich this Code does not

extend.

44. Execution o f decrees passed by Rev enue Court in places towhich this Code doe s not

extend.

44A. Execution of decrees passed by Courts in reciprocatingterritory.

45. Execution of decrees outside India.

46. Precepts.

47 . Questions to be determined by the Court exec utingdecree

48. Execution barred in certain cases.

49. Transferee.

50. Legal representative.

51. Powers of Court to enforce execution.

52. Enforcement of decree against legal representative.

53. Liability of ancestral property.

54. Partition of estate or separation o f share.

55. A rrest and detention.

56. Prohibition of arrest or detention of women in ex ecution ofdecree for money.

57 . Subsistence allowance.

58. Detention and release.

59. Release on gro und of illness.

60. Property liable to attachment and sale in exec ution ofdecree

61. Partial exemption of agricultural produce.

62. Seizure of property in dwelling-house.

63. Property attached in ex ecution of decrees of severalCourts.

64. Private alienation of property after attachment to bevoid.

65. Purchasers title.

66. Suit against purchaser not maintainable on ground o fpurchase being on beha lf ofplaintiff

67 . Power for State Gov ernment to make rules as to sales ofland in exec ution of decrees

for payment of money.

68-72. Repealed

7 3. Proceeds of ex ecution-sale to be rateably distributedamong decree-holders.

7 4. Resistance to exec ution.

7 5. Power of court to issue commissions.

7 6. Commission to another Court.

7 7 . Letter of request.

7 8. Commissions issued by foreign Courts.

7 9. Suits by or against Government

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80. Notice.

81. Exemption from arrest and personal appearance.

82. Execution of decree.

83. When aliens may sue.

84. When foreign State may sue.

85. Persons specially appointed by Government to prosecute ordefend on behalf of

foreign Rulers.

86. Suits against foreign Rulers, Am bassadors and Envoy s.

87 . Style of foreign Rulers as parties to suits.

87 A. Definitions of foreign State and Ruler.

87 B. Applications of sections 85 and 86 to Rulers of formerIndian States.

88. Where interpleade r suit may be reinstituted.

89. Settlement of disputes outside the Court

90. Power to state c ase for opinion of Court.

91. Public nuisances and othe r wrongful acts affecting thepublic.

92. Public charities.

93. Exercise of powers of Advocate-General outsidepresidency-towns.

94. Supplemental Proceedings.

95. Compensation for ob taining arrest, attachment or injunctionon insufficient

grounds.

96. Appeal from original decree.

97 . Appeal from final decree where no appeal from preliminarydecree.

98. Decision where appeal heard by two or more Judges.

99. No decree to be reversed o r modified for erro r orirregularity not affecting merits

or jurisdiction.

99A. No o rder under section 47 to be refused or modified unlessdecision of the case is

prejudicially affected.

100. Second appeal.

100A . No further appeal in certain cases.

101 . Second appeal on no other grounds.

102. No second appeal in certain cases.

103 . Power of High Court to determine issues of fact.

104 . Orders from which appeal lies.

105. Other orders.

106 . What Courts to hear appeals.

107 . Powers of Appellate Court.

108. Procedure in appeals from appellate decrees and orders.

109 . When appeals lie to the Supreme Court.

110 . Value of subject matters.

111. Bar of certain appeals.

111 A. Appeals to Federal Court.

112. Savings.

11 3. Reference to High Court114. Review.

115 . Revision.

116. Part to apply only to certain High Courts.

11 7 . Application of Code to High Court.

118. Execution of decree before ascertainment of costs.

119. Unauthorized persons not to address Court.

120 . Provisions not applicable to High Court in original civiljurisdiction.

121 . Effect of rules in First Schedule.

122 . Power of cer tain High Courts to make rules.

123 . Constitution of Rule Committees in c ertain States.

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124. Committee to r eport to High Court.

125 . Power of other High Courts to make rules.

126. Rules to be subject to approval.

127 . Publication of rules.

128. Matters for which rules may provide.

129. Powe r of High Court to make rules as to the ir originalCivil Procedure.

130. Powers of other High Court to make rules as to mattersother than procedure.

131. Publication of rules.

132. Exemption of certain women from personal appearance.

133. Exemption of other persons.

134. Arre st other than in execution of decree.

135. Exemption from arrest under civil proc ess.

135A. Exemption of members of legislative bodies from arrest anddetention under civil

process.

136. Procedure where person to be arrested or property to beattached is outside

district.

Civil Procedure Code 1908

Civil Procedure Code 1908 1st PageCivil Procedure Code 1908 2ndPage

Civil Procedure Code 1908 3rd Page

1. Short title, commencement and extent

(1) This Act may be cited as the Code of Civil Procedure,1908.

(2) It shall come into force on the first day of January,1909.

1[(3) It extends to the whole of India except.-

(a) the State of Jammu and Kashmir;

(b) the State of Nagaland and the tribal areas.

Provided that the State Government concerned may, bynotification in the Official Gazette, extend the

provisions of this Code or any of them to the whole or part ofthe State of Nagaland or such tribal areas,

as the case may be, with such supplemental, incedental orconsequential modifications as may be

specified in the notification.

Explanation.- In this clause, "tribal areas" means theterritories which immediately before the 21st day

of January, 1972, were included in the tribal areas of Assam asreferred to in paragraph 20 of the Sixth

Schedule to the Constitution.]

(4) In relation to the Amindivi Islands, and the East Godavari,West Godavari and Visakhapatnam

Agencies in the State of A ndhra Pradesh and the Union territoryo f Lakshadweep, the application of this

Code shall be without prejudice to the application of any ruleor regulation for the time being in force in

such Islands, Agencies or such Union territory, as the case maybe, relating to the application of this

Code.

1. Subs. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 2, for sub-section (3) (w.e.f.1-2-1977 ).

2. Definitions.

In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subjector context,-

(1) Code includes rules;

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(2) decree means the formal expression of an adjudication which,so far as regards the Court

expressing it, conclusively determines the rights of the partieswith regard to all or any o f the matters in

controversy in the suit and may be either preliminary or final.It shall be deemed to include the rejection

of a plaint and the determination of any question within 1[* **] section 14 4, but shall not include-

(a) any adjudication from which an appeal lies as an appeal froman order, or

(b) any order of dismissal for default.

Explanation A decree is preliminary when further proceedingshave to be taken before the suit can be

completely disposed of. It is final when such adjudicationcompletely disposes of the suit, it may be

partly preliminary and partly f inal;

(3) decree-holder means any person in whose fav our a dec reehas been passed or an o rder capable of

execution has been made;

(4) district means the local limits of the jurisdiction of aprincipal Civil Court of original jurisdiction

(hereinafter called a District Court), and includes the locallimits of the ordinary original civil

jurisdiction of a High Court;

3[(5) "foreign Court" means a Court situate outside India andnot established or continued by the

authority of the Central Government;]

(6) foreign judgment means the judgment of a foreign Court;

(7) Government Pleader includes any officer appointed by theState Gov ernment to perform all or any

of the functions expressly imposed by this Code on theGovernment Pleader and also any pleader acting

under the directions of the Government Pleader;

4[(7A) "High Court" in relation to the Andaman and NicobarIslands, means the High Court in Calcutta;

(7B) "India", except in sections 1, 29, 43, 44, 5[44A], 78, 79,82, 83 and 87A, means the territory of

India excluding the State of Jammu and Kashmir];

(8) Judge means the presiding officer of a Civil Court;

(9) judgment means the statement given by the judge on thegrounds of a decree or order;

(10) judgment-debtor means any person against whom a decree hasbeen passed or an order capable of

execution has been made;

(11) legal representative means a person who in law representsthe estate of a deceased person, and

includes any person who intermeddles with the estate of thedeceased and where a party sues or is sued

in a representative c haracter the person on whom the estatedevolves on the death of the party so suing

or sued;

(12) means profits of property means those profits which theperson in wrongful possession of such

property actually received or might with ordinary diligence havereceived therefrom, together with

interest on such profits, but shall not include profits due toimprovements made but the person inwrongful possession;

(13) movable property includes growing crops;

(14) order means the formal expression of any dec ision of aCivil Court which is not a decree;

(15) pleader means any person entitled to appear and plead foranother in Court, and includes an

advocate, a v akil and an attorney of a High Court;

(16) prescribed means prescribed by rules :

(17) public o fficer means a person falling under any of thefollowing descriptions, namely:-

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(a) every Judge;

(b) every member of 2[an All-India Service];

(c) every commissioned or gazetted officer in the military,6[naval or air forces] of 7[the Union] 8[***]

while serving under the Government.

(d) every officer of a Court of Justice whose duty it is, assuch officer, to investigate or report on any

matter of law or fact, or to make, authenticate or keep anydocument, or to take charge or dispose of any

property, or to execute any judicial process, or to administerany oath, or to interpret, or to preserve

order, in the court, and every person especially authorized by aCourt of Justice to perform any of such

duties:

(e) every person who holds any office by v irtue of which he isempowered to place or keep any person in

confinement;

(f) every officer of the Government whose duty it is, as suchofficer, to prevent offences to give

information of offences, to bring offenders to justice, or toprotect the public health, safety or

convenience;

(g) every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take,receive, keep or expend any property on behalf

of the Government, or to make any survey, assessment or contracton behalf of the Government, or to

execute any revenue process, or to investigate, or to report on,any matter affecting the pecuniaryinterests of the Government, orto make, authenticate or keep any document relating to thepecuniary

interests of the Government, or to prevent the infraction of anylaw for the protection of the pecuniary

interests of the Gov ernment; and

(h) every officer in the service or pay of the Government, orremunerated by fees or commission for the

performance of any public duty;

(18) rules means rules and forms contained in the First Scheduleor made under section 122 or section

125;

(19) share in a corporation shall be deemed to include stock,debenture stock, debentures or bonds;

and

(20) signed, save in the case of a judgment or decree, includesstamped.

9[***]

1. T he words and figures Section 47 or omitted by Act No. 104of 197 6 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977 )..

2.Subs, by Act No. 1 04 of 1 976 for Indian Civil Service(w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

3. Subs. by Act 2 of 1 951, sec. 4 , for clause (5) (w.e.f.1-4-1951).

4. Ins. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 4 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).

5. Ins. by Act 42 of 1 953, sec. 4 and Sch. III (w.e.f.23-12-1953).

6. Subs. by Act 35 of 1 934, sec. 2 sch., for or naval.

7. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for His Majesty.

8. The words including His Majestys Indian Marine Service,omitted by Ac t 35 o f 1934, sec. 2.

9. Clause (21) ins. by the A.O. 1950 and omitted by Act 2 o f1951 , sec. 4 (w.e.f. 1-4-1 951).

3. Subordination of Courts.

For the purposes of this Code, the District Court is subordinateto the High Court, and ever y Civ il Court

of a grade inferior to that of a District Court and every Courtof Small Causes is subordinate to the High

Court and District Court.

4. Savings.

(1) In the absence of any specific prov ision to the contrary,nothing in this Code shall be deemed to limit

Like

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or otherwise affect any special or local law now in force or anyspecial jurisdiction or power conferred,

or any special form of procedure prescribed, by or under anyother law for the time in force.

(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of theproposition contained in sub-section (1)

nothing in this Code shall be deemed to limit or otherwiseaffect any remedy which a landholder or

landlord may have under any law for the time being in force f orthe recovery of rent o f agricultural land

from the produce of such land.

5. Application of the Code to Revenue Courts

(1) Where any Revenue Courts are governed by the provisions ofthis Code in those matters of

procedure upon which any special enactment applicable to them issilent, the State Gov ernment 1[***]

may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare that anyportions of those provisions which are not

expressly made applicable by this Code shall not apply to thoseCourts, or shall only apply to them with

such modifications as the State Government2[***] mayprescribe.

(2) Revenue Court in sub-section (1) means a Court havingjurisdiction under any local law to entertain

suits or other proceedings relating to the rent, rev enue orprofits o f land used for agricultural purposes,

but does not include a Civil Court having original jurisdictionunder this Code to try such suits or

proceedings as being suits or proceedings of a c ivilnature.

1. T he words with the previous sanction of the G.G. in C,omitted by Act 38 of 1920, sec . 2 and Sch. I.2. The words withsanction aforesaid omitted by Act 38 of 1 920, sec. 2 and Sch.I.

6. Pecuniary jurisdiction.

Save in so far as is otherwise expressly provided, nothingherein contained shall operate to give any

Court jurisdiction ov er suits the amount or value of thesubject-matter of which exceeds the pecuniary

limits (if any) of its ordinary jurisdiction.

7. Provincial Small Cause Courts.

The following provisions shall not extend to Courts constitutedunder the Provincial Small Cause Courts

Act, 1887 (9 of 1887), 1[or under the Berar Small Cause CourtsLaws, 1905], o r to Courts exercising the

jurisdiction of a Court of Small Causes 2[under the said Act orLaw], 3[or to Courts in] 4[any part of

India to which the said Act does not extend exercising acorresponding jurisdiction] that is to say,-

(a) so much of the body of the Code as relates to-

(i) suits excepted f rom the cognizance of a Court of SmallCauses;

(ii) the exec ution of decr ees in such suits;

(iii) the execution of decrees against immovable property ;and

(b) the following sections, that is to say,-

section 9, sections 91 and 92, sections 94 and 95 5[so far asthey authorize or relate to-

(i) orders for the attachment of immovable property;

(ii) injunctions,

(iii) the appointment of a receiv er of immovable property ,or

(iv) the interlocutory orders referred to in clause (e) ofsection 94],

and sections 96 to 112 and 115.

1. Ins. by Act 4 of 1941 , sec. 2 and Sch. III.

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2. Subs. by Act 4 o f 1941 , sec. 2 and Sch. III for under thatAct.

3. Ins. by Act 2 of 1 951, sec. 5 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951)

4. Subs. by t he Adaptation of Laws (no. 2) Order, 1956, forPart B States.

5. Subs. by Act 1 of 1926, sec. 3, for so far as they relate toinjunctions and interlocutory orders.

8. Presidency Small Cause Courts.

Save as provided in sections 24, 38 to 41, 75, clauses (a), (b)and (c), 76 1[77,157 and 158], and by the

Presidency Small Cause Courts Act, 1 882, (15 of 1 882) theprovisions in the body of this Code shall not

extend to any suit or proceedings in any Court of Small Causesestablished in the towns of Calcutta,

Madras and Bombay :

2[Provided that -

(1) the High Courts of Judicature at Fort William Madras andBombay, as the case may be, may from

time to time, by notifications in the Official Gazette, directthat any such provisions not inconsistent with

the express provisions of the Presidency Small Cause Courts Act,1882, (15 of 1882) and with such

modifications and adaptation as may be specified in thenotification, shall extend to suits or proc eedings

or any class of suits or proceedings in such Court:

(2) all rules heretofore made by any of the said High Courtsunder section 9 of the Presidency Small

Cause Courts Act, 1 882 (15 of 1 882) shall be deemed to hav ebeen validly made.]

STAT E AMENDMENTS

Gujarat- In section 8, in the opening para, After the wordsCalcutta, Madras and Bombay insert the

words and in the City of Ahmedabad.

[Vide Gujarat Act No. 32 of 1 961, sec. 21 and Sch. (1-11-1961)].

1. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976 for 77 and 155 to 158 (w.e.f.1-2-1977).

2. Added by Act 1 of 1914, sec. 2

9. Courts to try all civil suits unless barred.

The Courts shall (subject to the provisions herein contained)have jurisdiction to try all suits of a civil

nature excepting suits of which their cognizance is either expressly or impliedly barred.

1[Explanation I].- A suit in which the right to property or toan office is contested is a suit of a civil

nature, notwithstanding that such right may depend entirely onthe decision of questions as to religious

rites or c eremonies.

2[Explanation ll].- For the purposes of this section, it isimmaterial whether or not any fees are attached

to the office referred to in Explanation I or whether or notsuch of fice is attached to a particular place.].

STAT E AMENDMENTS

Maharashtra- After sec tion 9 insert the following section9A.

9A. Where at the hearing of application relating to interimrelief in a suit, objection to jurisdiction is

taken such issue to be decided by the court as a preliminaryissue:-

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this code or any otherlaw for the time being in force, if at the

hearing of any application for granting or setting aside anorder granting any interim relief, whether by

way of stay , injunction, appointment of a receiver orotherwise, made in any suit, on objection to

jurisdiction of the court to entertain such suit is taken by anyof the parties to the suit the court shall

proceed to determine at the hearing of such application theissue as to the jurisdiction as a preliminary

issue before granting for setting aside the order granting theinterim relief. Any such application shall be

heard and disposed of by the court as expeditiously as possibleand shall not in any case be adjourned to

the hearing of the suit.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), atthe hearing of any such application the

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court may grant such interim relief as it may considernecessary, pending determination by it of the

preliminary issue as to the jurisdiction.

[Vide Maharashtra Act No. 65 of 1977 , sec. 3 (w.e.f. 19-12-1977)].

COMMENTS

(i) The appropriate form for resolution of an industrial disputeis the forum constituted under Industrial

Disputes Act, 1 947 . Jurisdiction of Civ il Court is impliedlybarred in such cases. C.T. Nikam v. Municipal

Corporation of Ahmedabad, AIR 2002 SC 997.

(ii) Telephone billJurisdiction of Civil CourtT he Civil Courthas jurisdiction to enforce the right of a

subscriber under section 7B of the Telegraph Act; Union of Indiav. Sasi S., AIR 1999 Ker 336.

(iii) The application for grant of interim relief would not bedisposed of till decision on question of

jurisdiction although ad-interim relief can be granted in viewof prov isions under section 9A(2); I CICI

Ltd. v. Sri Durga Bansal Fertilizers Ltd., AIR 1999 Bom 402.

(iv) Under section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure, thejurisdiction of Civil Court with regard to a

particular matter can be said to be excluded if there is anexpress prov ision or by implication it can be

inferred that the jurisdiction is taken away; Union of India v.Sasi S., AIR 1999 Ker 336.

1. Explanation renumbered as Explanation I thereof by A ct No.104 of 1976, Sec. 5 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

2. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

10. Stay of suit.

No Court shall proceed with the trial of any suit in which thematter in issue is also directly and

substantially in issue in a previously instituted suit betweenthe same parties, or between parties under

whom they or any o f them claim litigating under the same titlewhere such suit is pending in the same or

any other Court in 1[India] having jurisdiction to grant therelief claimed, or in any Court beyond the

limits of 1[India] established or continued by 2[the CentralGovernment] 3[***] and having like

jurisdiction, or bef ore 4[the Supreme Court].

Explanation- The pendency of a suit in a foreign Court does notpreclude the Courts in

1

[India] fromtrying a suit founded on the same cause of action.

COMMENTS

(i) The language of section 10 suggests that it is referable toa suit instituted in the civil court and it

cannot apply to proceedings of other nature instituted under anyother statute; National Institute of

Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences v. C. Parmeshwara, AIR 2005 SC24 2.

(ii) Two suitsBetween same partiesInvolving same subjectmatterand same questionsHeld,

subsequent suit should be stayed; Radhika Konel Parekh v . KonelParekh, AIR 1 993 Mad 90: (1993) LW

159: (1993) 1 Mad LJ 163.

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 3, for the States (w.e.f.1-4-1951)2. Subs. by A.O. 1937, for the G.G. in C.

3. T he words or the Crown Representative omitted by the A.O.1948.

4. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for His Majesty in Council.

11. Res judicata.

No Court shall try any suit or issue in which the matterdirectly and substantially in issue has been

directly and substantially in issue in a former suit between thesame parties, or between parties under

whom they or any of them claim, litigating under the same title,in a Court competent to try such

subsequent suit or the suit in which such issue has beensubsequently raised, and has been heard and

finally decided by such Court.

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Explanation I- T he expression former suit shall denote a suitwhich has been decided prior to the suit

in question whether or not it was instituted prior thereto.

Explanation II.- For the purposes of this section, thecompetence of a Court shall be determined

irrespective of any provisions as to a right of appeal from thedecision of such Court.

Explanation III.- The matter above referred to must in theformer suit have been alleged by one party

and either denied or admitted, expressly or impliedly, by theother.

Explanation IV.- A ny matter which might and ought to have beenmade ground of defence or attack in

such former suit shall be deemed to have been a matter directlyand substantially in issue in such suit.

Explanation V.- Any relief claimed in the plaint, which is notex pressly granted by the decree, shall, forthe purposes of thissection, be deemed to hav e been refused.

Explanation VI- Where persons litigate bona fide in respect ofpublic right or of a private right claimed in

common for themselves and others, all persons interested in suchright shall, for the purposes of this

section, be deemed to claim under the persons so litigating.

[Explanation VII.- The provisions of this section shall apply toa proceeding for the execution of a

decree and reference in this section to any suit, issue orformer suit shall be construed as references,

respectively, to proceedings for the execution of the decree,question arising in such proceeding and a

former proceeding for the execution of that decree.

Explanation VIII.-An issue heard and finally decided by a Courtof limited jurisdiction, competent to

decide such issue, shall operate as res judicata in assubsequent suit, notwithstanding that such Court of

limited jurisdiction was not competent to try such subsequentsuit or the suit in which such issue has

been subsequently raised.]

COMMENTS

(i) The principle of res judicata is a procedural provision. Ajurisdictional question if wrongly decided

would not attract the principles o f res judicata. W hen anorder is passed without jurisdiction, the same

becomes a nullity . When an order is a nullity, it cannot besupported by invoking procedural principle;

Management of Sonepat Co-op. Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Ajit Singh, AIR2005 SC 1050.

(ii) There is a distinction between issue estoppel and resjudicata. Res judicata debars a court from

exercising its jurisdiction to determine the lis if it hasattained finality whereas the doctrine of issue

estoppel is invoked against the party. If such issue is decidedagainst him, he would be estopped from

raising the same in the latter proceedings. T he doctrine of resjudicata creats a different kind of estoppel

viz. estoppel by Ac cord; Bhanu Kumar Jain v. Archana Kumar, AIR2005 SC 626.

(iii) First writ petition filed on the ground of apprehendedbias and subsequent second petition was filed

on allegations of actual bias, is not barred by res judicata;G.N. Nayak v . Goa University, A IR 2002 SC

790.

(iv) Section 11 o f the Code of Civil Procedure has no doubtsome technical aspects for instance the rule

of constructive res judicata may be said to be technical but thebasis of which the said rule rests is

founded on the consideration of public policy; Sumer Mal v.State of Rajasthan, AIR 2000 Raj 1 .

(v) The technical principle of res judicata would not beoperative more so, if substantial change in

circumstances is av erred and found prima facie justified; Smt.Rehana Parveen v. Naimuddin, AIR 2000

MP 1.

(vi) Assuming, the cause of action in both the suits was basedupon title in the suit land and was akin in all

the cases, yet, as referred to above, in as much the earlier twosuits were dismissed as withdrawn with

permission to file fresh on the same cause of action, third suitwill not be barred by any principle of law;

Harbhagwan v. Smt. Punni Devi, AIR 1999 P&H 223.

(vii) Where the Sangh has been duly represented in the previouscourt proceedings and were litigating

bona fidely which resulted in failure cannot be allowed to layany objection in exec ution or to plead

nullity o f decree hence doc trine of res judicata applies. T hedecree of ejectment will bind every member

of Sangh; Singhai Lal Chand Jain v. Rashtriya Swayam SewakSangh, Panna, JT 1996(3) SC 64.

1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 6 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

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12. Bar to further suit.

Where a plaintiff is prec luded by rules from instituting afurther suit in respect o f any partic ular cause of

action, he shall not be entitled to institute a suit in respectof such cause of action in any Court to which

this Code applies.

13. When foreign judgment not conclusive.

A foreign judgment shall be conclusive as to any matter ther ebydirectly adjudicated upon between the

same parties or between parties under whom they or any of themclaim litigating under the same titleexcept-

(a) where it has not been pronounced by a Court o f c ompetentjurisdiction;

(b) where it has not been given on the merits of the case;

(c) where it appears on the face o f the proc eedings to befounded on an incorrect view of international

law or a refusal to recognise the law of

1[India] in cases in which such law is applicable;

(d) where the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained areopposed to natural justice;

(e) where it has been obtained by fraud;

(f) where it sustains a claim founded on a breach of any law inforce in 1[India].

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 3, for the States (w.e.f.1-4-1951)

14. Presumption as to foreign judgments.

The Court shall presume upon the production of any documentpurporting to be a certified copy of a

foreign judgment that such judgment was pronounced by a Court ofcompetent jurisdiction, unless the

contrary appears on the record; but such presumption may bedisplaced by proving want of jurisdiction.

15. Court in which suits to be instituted.

Every suit shall be instituted in the Court of the lowest gradecompetent to try it.

16. Suits to be instituted where subject-matter situate.

Subject to the pecuniary or other limitations prescribed by anylaw, suits-

(a) for the recover y of immovable property with or without rentor profits,

(b) for the partition of immovable property,

(c) for forec losure, sale or redemption in the case of amortgage of or c harge upon immovable property ,

(d) for the determination of any other right to or interest inimmovable property,

(e) for compensation for wrong to immovable property,

(f) for the recovery of mov able property actually underdistraint or attachment, shall be instituted in the

Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the propertyis situate :

Provided that a suit to obtain relief respecting, or compensation for wrong to, immovable property held

by or on behalf of the defendant, may where the relief soughtcan be entirely obtained through his

personal obedience be instituted either in the Court within thelocal limits of whose jurisdiction the

property is situate, or in the Court within the local limits ofwhose jurisdiction the defendant actually and

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voluntarily resides, or carries on business, or personally worksfor gain.

Explanation.- In this section property means property situatein1[India].

COMMENTS

Where the property mortgaged as c ollateral security for loanadv anced to defandant by a bank situated

at place J then the suit for foreclosure by the bank can only beinstituted before Civ il Court at place J;

Central Bank of India v. Eleena Fasteners (P) Ltd., AIR 1 999 HP104 .

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951 , sec. 3, for the States (w.e.f.1-4-1951).

17. Suits for immovable property situate within jurisdiction ofdifferentCourts.

Where a suit is to obtain relief respecting, or c ompensationfor wrong to, immovable property situate

within the jurisdiction of different Court , the suit may beinstituted in any Court within the local limits of

whose jurisdiction any portion of the property is situate :

Provided that, in respect of the value of the subject matter ofthe suit, the entire claim is cognizable by

such Court.

18. Place of institution of suit where local limits ofjurisdiction of Courtsare uncertain.

(1) Where it is alleged to be uncertain within the local limitsof the jurisdiction of which of two or more

Courts any immovable property is situate, any one of thoseCourts may, if satisfied that there is ground

for the alleged uncertainty, record a statement to that effectand thereupon proceed to entertain and

dispose of any suit relating to that property , and its decreein the suit shall have the same effect as if the

property were situate within the local limits of itsjurisdiction :

Provided that the suit is one with respect to which the Court iscompetent as regards the nature and value

of the suit to exercise jurisdiction.

(2) Where a statement has not been recorded under sub-section(1), and objection is taken before an

Appellate or Revisional Court t hat a decree or order in a suitre lating to such pr operty was made by a

Court not hav ing jurisdiction where the property is situate,the Appellate or Rev isional Court shall not

allow the objection unless in its opinion there was, at the timeof the institution of the suit, no reasonable

ground for uncertainty as to the Court having jurisdiction withrespect thereto and there has been a

consequent failure of justice.

19. Suits for compensation for wrongs to person or movables.

Where a suit is for compensat ion for wrong done to the personor to mov able property , if the wrong was

done within the local limits of the jurisdiction of one Courtand the defendant resides, or carries on

business, or personally works for gain, within the local limitsof the jurisdiction of another Court, the suit

may be instituted at the option of the plaintiff in either ofthe said Courts.

Illustrations

(a) A, residing in Delhi, beats B in Calcutta. B may sue Aeither in Calcutta or in Delhi.

(b) A, residing in Delhi, publishes in Calcutta statementsdefamatory of B. B may sue A either in Calcutta

or in Delhi.

20. Other suits to be instituted where defendants reside orcause ofaction arises.

Subject to the limitations aforesaid, every suit shall beinstituted in Court within the local limits of whose

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jurisdiction-

(a) the defendant, or each of the defendants where there aremore than one, at the time of the

commencement of the suit, actually and v oluntarily resides, orcarries on business, or personally works

for gain; or

(b) any o f the defendants, where there are more than one, atthe time of the commencement of the suit

actually and voluntarily resides, or carries on business, orpersonally works for gain, provided that in

such case either the leave of the Court is given, or thedefendants who do not reside, or carry on

business, or personally work for gain, as aforesaid, acquiescein such institution; or

(c) the cause of act ion, wholly o r in part, arises.

1[* * *]

2[Explanation].-A corporation shall be deemed to carry onbusiness at its sole or principal office in

3[India] or, in respect of any cause of action arising at anyplace where it has also a subordinate office, at

such place.

Illustrations

(a) A is a tradesman in Calcutta, B carries on business inDelhi. B, by his agent in Calcutta, buys goods of

A and requests A to deliver them to the East Indian RailwayCompany . A deliv ers the goods acc ordingly

in Calcutta. A may sue B for the price of the goods either inCalcutta, where the cause of action has arisen

or in Delhi, where B carries on business.

(b) A resides at Simla, B at Calcutta and C at Delhi A, B and Cbeing together at Benaras, B and C make a

joint promissory note pay able on demand, and deliv er it t o A.A may sue B and C at Benaras, where the

cause of action arose. He may also sue them at Calcutta, where Bresides, or at Delhi, where C resides; but

in each of these cases, if the non-resident defendant object,the suit cannot proceed without the leave of

the Court.

COMMENTS

(i) Facts pleaded which have no bearing with the lis or thedispute involved in the case, do not give rise to

a cause of action so as to confer territorial jurisdiction onthe Court concerned. For that fact pleadedmust have relevance tothe lis/dispute; Union of India v. A dani Exports Ltd., AIR 2002 SC126.

(ii) Where the agreement stated that jurisdiction regarding alldisputes is at Delhi where the agreement

has been signed and executed while the agreement by parties wasnot signed at Delhi but at some other

place, then the agreement cannot be said to be conferringexclusive jurisdiction to Civil Court at Delhi.

Party c an file a suit under section 20(c) at place where causeof act ion wholly or partly arose; Jabalpur

Cable Network Pv t. Ltd. v. E.S.P.N. Software India Pvt. Ltd.,AIR 1999 MP 271.

(iii) Where the agreement was an agreement for sale of mov ableproperty then sections 16 and 19 would

not govern the c ause of action in such case but sect ion 20 ofthe Code would be attracted for determining

jurisdiction of Court; Jabalpur Cable Network Pvt. Ltd. v.E.S.P.N. Software India Pvt. Ltd., A IR 1 999

MP 271.

1. Explanation I omitted by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 7 (w.e.f.1-2-1977).

2. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 7, for Explanation II(w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

3. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 3, for the States (w.e.f.1-4-1951)

21. Objections to jurisdiction.

1[(1)] No objection as to the place of suing shall be allowed byany appellate or Revisional Court unless

such objection was taken in the Court of first instance at theearliest possible opportunity and in all cases

where issues or settled at or before suc h sett lement, andunless there has been a consequent failure of

justice.

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2[(2) No objection as to the competence of a Court withreference to the pecuniary limits of its

jurisdiction shall be allowed by any Appellate or Rev isionalCourt unless suc h object ion was taken in the

Court of first instance at the earliest possible opportunity,and in all cases where issues are settled, at or

befor e such settlement, and unless there has been a consequentfailure of justice.

(3) No objection as to the competence of the executing Courtwith reference to the local limits of its

jurisdiction shall be allowed by any Appellate or Rev isionalCourt unless suc h object ion was taken in the

executing Court at the earliest possible opportunity, and unlessthere has been a consequent failure of

justice.]

COMMENTS

There is no intermediary stage for raising an objection tojurisdiction except filing of written statement

and taking that plea unless the matter is covered by section 9Aof the Code; B.S.I. Ltd. v. M.V.

CRISTIAN-C, AIR 1999 Bom 320.

1. Section 21 renumbered as sub-section (1) thereof by Act No.104 of 1976, sec. 8 (w.e.f

1-2-1977).

2. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 8 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

21A. Bar on suit to set aside decree on objection as to place ofsuing.

1[21A. Bar on suit to set aside decree on objection as to placeof suing.

No suit shall lie challenging the validity of a decree passed ina former suit between the same parties, or

between the parties under whom they or any o f them claim,litigating under the same title, on any ground

based on an objection as to the place of suing.

Explanation.-The ex pression "former suit" means a suit whichhas been decided prior to the decision

in the suit in which the validity o f the decree is questioned,whether or not the prev iously decided suit

was instituted prior to the suit in which the validity of suchdecree is questioned ].

1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 9 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

22. Power to transfer suits which may be instituted in more thanoneCourt.

Where a suit may be instituted in any one of two or more Courtsand is instituted in one of such Courts,

any defendant, after notice to the other parties, may, at theearliest possible opportunity and in all cases

where issues are settled at or before such settlement, apply tohave the suit transferred to another Court,

and the Court to which such application is made, afterconsidering the objections of the other parties (if

any), shall determine in which of the several Courts havingjurisdiction the suit shall proceed.

COMMENTS

(i) Transfer application with allegations against the P.O.Report from P.O. may be called only with regard

to the allegations contained in the transfer application; PushpaDevi Saraf v. Jai Narain Parasrampuria,

AIR 1992 SC 1133.

(ii) Both husband and wife initiating separate proceeding atdifferent places. Both the proceedings triable

by the same court. Husbands case to be transferred to the placewhere wifes case is pending; Ms.

Shakuntala Modi v. Om Prakash Bharoka, AIR 1 991 SC 1104 .

23. To what Court application lies.

(1) Where the several Courts having jurisdiction are subordinateto the same Appellate Court, an

application under section 22 shall be made to the AppellateCourt.

(2) Where such Courts are subordinate to different AppellateCourts but to the same High Court, the

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application shall be made to the said High Court.

(3) Where such Courts are subordinate to different High Courts,the application shall be made the High

Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the Court inwhich the suit is brought is situate.

24. General power of transfer and withdrawal.

(1) On the application of any of the parties and after notice tothe parties and after hearing such of them

as desired to be heard, or of its own motion without suchnotice, the High Court or the District Court may

at any stage-

(a) transfer any suit, appeal or other proceeding pending beforeit for trial or disposal to any Court

subordinate to it and competent to try or dispose of the same,or

(b) withdraw any suit, appeal or other proceeding pending in anyCourt subordinate to it, and-

(i) try or dispose of the same; or

(ii) transfer the same for trial or disposal to any Courtsubordinate to it and competent to try or dispose

of the same; or

(iii) retransfer the same for trial or disposal to the Courtfrom which it was withdrawn.

(2) Where any suit or proceeding has been transferred orwithdrawn under sub-section (1), the Court

which 1[is thereafter to try or dispose of suc h suit orproceeding] may, subject to any special directions

in the case of any order of transfer, either retry it or proceedf rom the point at which it was transferred

or withdrawn.

2[(3) For the purposes of this section,-

(a) Courts of Additional and Assistant Judges shall be deemed tobe subordinate to the District Court;

(b) "proceeding" includes a proceeding for the execution of adecree or order.]

(4) the Court tr ying any suit transferred or withdrawn underthis section from a Court of Small Causes

shall, for the purposes of such suit, be

deemed to be a Court of Small Causes.

3[(5) A suit or proceeding may be transferred under this sectionfrom a

Court which has no jurisdiction to try it.]

1. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 10 for thereafter triessuch suit (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

2. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 10 for sub-section (3)(w.e.f. 1-2-1977 ).

3. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 10 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

25. Power of Supreme Court to transfer suits, etc.

1[25. Power of Supreme Court to transfer suits, etc.

(1) On the application of a party, and after notice to theparties, and after hearing such of them as desire

to be heard, the Supreme Court may, at any stage, if satisfiedthat an order under this section is

expedient for the ends of justice, direct that any suit, appealor other proceeding be transferred from a

High Court or other Civil Court in one State to a High Court orother Civil Court in any other State.

(2) Every application under this section shall be made by amotion which shall be supported by an

affidavit.

(3) The Court to which such suit, appeal or other proceeding istransferred shall, subject to any special

directions in the order o f transfer, either retry it or proceed from the stage at which it was transferred to

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it.

(4) In dismissing any application under this section, theSupreme Court may, if it is of opinion that the

application was frivolous or vex atious, order the applicant topay by way of compensation to any person

who has opposed the application such sum, not exceeding twothousand rupees, as it considers

appropriate in the circumstances of the case.

(5) The law applicable to any suit, appeal or other proceedingtransferred under this section shall be the

law which the Court in which the suit, appeal or otherproceeding was originally instituted ought to have

applied to such suit, appeal or proc eeding.]

COMMENTS

(i) In transfer of suits, appeals or other proc eedingsparamount consideration is that justice acco rding to

law is done; Dr. Subramaniam Swamy v. Ramakrishna Hegde, AIR1990 SC 113.

(ii) No c ase can be transferred to another court unless firstCourt is biased or some reasonable grounds

exist; Gujarat Electricity Board v. Atmaram Sungomal Poshani,(1989) SCJ 180.

1. Subs. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 1 1 for s. 25 (w.e.f.1-2-1977).

26. Institution of suits.

1[(1)] Every suit shall be instituted by the presentation of aplaint or in such other manner as may be

prescribed.

2[(2) In every plaint, facts shall be proved by affidavit.]

1. Section 26 renumberd as sub-section 26(1) thereof by Act No.46 of 1999, section 2

(w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

2. Ins. by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 2 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

27. Summons to defendants.

Where a suit has been duly instituted, a summons may be issuedto the defendant to appear and answer

the claim and may be served in manner prescribed 1[on such daynot beyond thirty days fro m date of the

institution of the suit].

1. Added by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 3 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

28. Service of summons where defendant resides in anotherState.

(1) A summons may be sent for service in another State to suchCourt and in such manner as may be

prescribed by rules in force in that State.

(2) The Court to which such summons is sent shall, upon receiptthereof, proceed as if it had been issued

by such Court and shall then return the summons to the Court ofissue together with the r ecord (if any )

of its proceedings with regard thereto.

1[(3) Where the language of the summons sent for serv ice inanother State is different from the language

of the rec ord referred to in sub-section (2), a translation ofthe record,-

(a) in Hindi, where the language of the Court issuing thesummons is Hindi, or

(b) in Hindi or English where the language of suc h record isother than Hindi or English,

shall also be sent together with the record sent under thatsub-section].

1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 12 (w.e.f. 1-5-1977).

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29. Service of foreign summonses.

1[Service of foreign summonses.

Summons and other processes issued by-

(a) any Civil or Revenue Court established in any part of Indiato which the provisions of this Code do

not extent, or

(b) any Civil or Revenue Court established or continued by theauthority of the Central Government

outside India, or

(c) any other Civ il or Rev enue Court outside India to whichthe Central Government has, by notification

in the Official Gazette, declared the provisions of this sectionto apply*,,

may be sent to the Courts in the territories to which this Codeextends, and served as if they were

summonses issued by such Courts.]

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 6, for section 29 (w.e.f.1-4-1951).

* The Central Government has declared that the provisions ofthis section shall apply to

all Civil Courts in Mongolia, vide G.S.R. 622(E), dated 1stOctober, 2005.

The Central Government has declared that the provisions of thisAct shall apply to all

Civil Courts in the Kingdom of Bahrain, vide G.S.R. 644(E),dated 22nd October, 2005.

30. Power to order discovery and the like.

Subject to such co nditions and limitations as may beprescribed, the Court may, at any time, either of its

own motion or on the application of any party ,-

(a) make such orders as may be necessary or reasonable in allmatters relating to the delivery and

answering of interrogatories, the admission of documents andfacts, and the discovery, inspection,

production, impounding and return of documents or other materialobjects producible as evidence;

(b) issue summonses to persons whose attendance is requiredeither to give evidence or to produce

documents or such other objects as aforesaid;

(c) order any fact to be proved by affidavit.

31. Summons to witness.

The provisions in sections 27, 28 and 29 shall apply tosummonses to give evidence or to produce

documents or other material objects.

32. Penalty for default

The Court may compel the attendance of any person to whom asummons has been issued under section

30 and for that purpose may-

(a) issue a warrant for his arrest;

(b) attach and sell his property;

(c) impose a fine upon him 1[not exceeding five thousandrupees];

(d) order him to furnish security for his appearance and indefault commit him to the civil prison.

1. Substituted by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 4 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002) for not exceeding five

hundred rupees.

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33. Judgment and decree.

The Court, after the case has been heard, shall pronouncejudgment, and on such judgment a decree shall

follow

34. Interest

(1) Where and in so far as a decree is for the payment of money,the Court may, in the decree, order

interest at such rate as the Court deems reasonable to be paidon the principal sum adjudged, from the

date of the suit to the date of the decree, in addition to anyinterest adjudged on such principal sum for

any period prior to the institution of the suit,2[with furtherinterest at such rate not exceeding six per

cent, per annum as the Court deems reasonable on such principalsum from] the date of t he decree to the

date of pay ment, or to such earlier date as the Court thinksfit:

1[Provided that where the liability in relation to the sum soadjudged had arisen out of a commercial

transaction, the rate of such further interest may exceed sixper cent, per annum, but shall not exceed

the contractual rate of interest or where there is nocontractual rate, the rate at which moneys are lent or

advanced by nationalised banks in relation to commercialtransactions.

Explanation I.-In this sub-section, "nationalised bank" means acorresponding new bank as defined in

the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer o fUndertakings) Act 1970 (5 of 1970).

Explanation II.-For the purposes of this section, a transactionis a commercial transaction, if it is

connected with the industry, trade or business of the partyincurring the liability.]

(2) Where such a decree is silent with respect to the payment offurther interest3[on such principal sum]

from the date of the decree to the date of payment or otherearlier date, the Court shall be deemed to

have refused such interest, and a separate suit therefore shallnot lie.

COMMENTS

(i) General provision of section 34 would authorise theRedressal Fora and Commissions to also grant

interest appropriately under the circumstances of each case;Sovintorg (India) Ltd. v. State Bank of

India, AIR 1999 SC 2963.

(ii) The claimants have been allowed interest on the decretalamount from the date of t he decree though

the amount of compensation was quantified only from the date ofthe passing of the decree. In such

circumstances the direction of the Division Bench in the matterof award of interest is also not liable to

be interfered; Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Sushila Devi,AI R 1999 SC 1929.

1. Added by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 13 (w.e.f. 1-7-1977).

2. Subs. by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 2, for certain words (w.e.f.1-1-1957)

3. Subs. by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 2, for on such aggregate sum asaforesaid (w.e.f. 1-1-

1957)

35. Costs.

(1) Subject to such conditions and limitations as may beprescribed, and to the provisions of law for the

time being in force, the costs of and incident to all suitsshall be in the discretion of the Court, and the

Court shall have full power to determine by whom or out of whatproperty and to what extent such costs

are to be paid, and to give all necessary directions for thepurposes aforesaid. The fact that the Court has

no jurisdiction to try the suit shall be no bar to the ex erciseof such powers.

(2) Where the Court directs that any costs shall not follow theev ent, the Court shall state its reasons in

writing.

1[***]

COMMENTS

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(i) Employer committed default in not remitting premium fromsalary of an employee to LIC, Employer

was directed to pay cost of proceedings to heirs of employee;Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking v.

Basanti Devi, AIR 2000 SC 43.

(ii) It is necessary to discourage people from bringingpetitions which are motivated by mere personal

interests in the name of public interest, for which they have nolocus standi. To prevent and penalise

such abuse of the process of the Court in the garb of publicinterest, the Court invoked this section and

imposed a cost of Rs. 10,000 on the petitioners; Prayag VyaparMandal v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR

1997 All 1.

1. Sub-section (3) omitted by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 3 (w.e.f.1-1-1957)

35A. Compensatory costs in respect of false or vexatious claimsordefenses.

1[Compensatory c osts in respect of false or v exatious claimsor defenses.

(1) If any suit or other proceedings 2[including an executionproceedings but 3[excluding an appeal or a

revision]] any party objects to the claim of defence on theground that the claim or defence or any part

of it is, as against the objector, false or vexatious to theknowledge of the party by whom it has been put

forward, and if thereafter, as against the objector, such claimor defence is disallowed, abandoned or

withdrawn in whole or in part, the Court,4

[if it so thinks fit] may, after recording its reasons forholdingsuch claim or defence to be false or vexatious, make anorder for the payment the object or by the party

by whom such claim or defence has been put forward, of cost byway of compensation.

(2) No Court shall make any such order for the payment of anamount exceeding 5[three thousand

rupees] or ex ceeding the limits of it pecuniary jurisdiction,whichever amount is less:

Provided that where the pecuniary limits of the jurisdiction ofany Court ex ercising the jurisdiction of a

Court of Small Causes under the Provincial Small Cause CourtsAct, 1887 (9 of 1887) 6[or under a

corresponding law in force in 7[any part of India to which thesaid Act does not extend]] and not being a

Court constituted8[under such Act or law], are less than twohundred and fifty rupees, the High Court

may empower such Court to award as costs under this section anyamount not exceeding two hundred

and fifty rupees and not ex ceeding those limits by more thanone hundred rupees:

Provided, further, that the High Court may limit the amount orclass of Courts is empowered to award as

costs under this Section.

(3) No person against whom an order has been made under thissection shall, by reason thereof, be

exempted from any c riminal liability in respect of any claim ordefence made by him.

(4) T he amount of any c ompensation awarded under this sectionin respect of a false or v exatious claim

or defence shall be taken into account in any subsequent suitfor damages or c ompensation in respect of

such claim or defence.]

STAT E AMENDMENTS

Uttar Pradesh-(i) For sub-section (1) o f section 3 5 Asubstitute the f ollowing.

(1) If any suit or other proceedings including proceedings inexecution, but not being an appeal or

revision, the court finds that the claim or defence or any partthereof is false or vexatious to the

knowledge of the party by whom it has been put forward and ifsuch claim or defence or such part is

disallowed, abandoned or withdrawn in whole or in part, thecourt may, after recording its reasons for

holding such claim or defence to be false or v exatious, make anorder for the payment to the successful

party or c osts by way of compensation irrespective of thedecisions on other issues in the case.

[Vide U.P. Act No. 24 of 1954 , sec. 2 Sch., Item 5, Entry 1(w.e.f. 30-11-1954 )].

(ii) After sub-section (1) insert the following sub-section,namely:-.

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(1-A) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall mutatis mutandisapply to an appeal where the appellate

Court confirms the decision of the trial court and the trialcourt has not awarded or insufficient,

compensatory cost under that sub-section.

[Vide U.P. Act No. 57 of 1 976, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 1-1-1977)].

1. Section 35A was ins. by Act 9 of 1922, sec. 2, which, undersection 1(2) thereof may be

brought into force in any State by the State Government on anyspecified date. It has

been so brought into force in Bombay, Bengal, U.P., Punjab,Bihar, C.P., Assam, Orissa

and Tamil Nadu.

2. Subs. by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 4, for not being an appeal(w.e.f. 1-1-1957).

3. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 14, for excluding anappeal (w.e.f. 1-2-1977 ).

4. Subs. by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 4 for certain words (w.e.f.1-1-1957).

5. Subs. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 14 for one thousand rupees(w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

6. Ins. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 7 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).

7. Subs. by the Adoptation of Laws (No. 2) Order, 1956, for aPart B State.

8. Ins. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 7, for under that Act (w.e.f.1-4-1951).

35B. Costs for causing delay.

1[35B. Costs for c ausing delay.

(1) If, on any date fixed for the hearing of a suit or for taking any step therein, a party to the suit-

(a) fails to take the step which he was required by or underthis Code to take on that date, or

(b) obtains an adjournment for taking such step or for producingevidence or on any other ground,

the Court may, for reasons to be recorded, make an orderrequiring such party to pay to the other party

such costs as would, in the opinion of the Court, be reasonablysufficient to reimburse the other party in

respect of the expenses incurred by him in attending the Courton that date, and payment of such costs,

on the date next following the date of such order, shall be acondition precedent to the further

prosecution of-

(a) the suit by the plaintiff, where the plaintiff was orderedto pay such costs.

(b) the defence by the defendant, where the defendant wasordered to pay such costs.

Explanation.-Where separate defences have been raised by thedefendants or groups of defendants,

payment of such costs shall be a condition precedent to thefurther prosecution of the defence by such

defendants or groups of defendants as have been ordered by theCourt to pay such costs.

(2) The costs, ordered to be paid under sub-section (1) shallnot, if paid, be included in the costs awarded

in the decree passed in the suit; but, if such costs are notpaid, a separate order shall be drawn up

indicating the amount of such costs and the names and addressesof the persons by whom such costs are

payable and the order so drawn up shall be exec utable againstsuch persons.]

1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 15 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

36. Application to orders

1[36. Application to orders

The prov isions of this Code relating to the ex ecution ofdecree (including provisions relating to payment

under a decree) shall, so far as they are applicable, be deemedto apply to the execution of orders

(including payment an order).]

1. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 16 for s. 36 (w.e.f.1-2-1977).

37. Definition of Court which passed a decree.

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The ex pression Court which passed a decree, or words to thateffect, shall, in relation to the execution

of decrees, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject orcontext, be deemed to include,-

(a) where the decree to be executed has been passed in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction, the Court of

first instance, and

(b) where the Court of first instance has ceased to exist or tohave jurisdiction to execute it, the Court

which, if the suit wherein the decree was passed was institutedat the time of making the applicat ion for

the execution of the decree, would have jurisdiction to try suchsuit.

1[Explanation.-The Court of first instance does not cease to have jurisdiction to ex ecute a decree merely

on the ground that after the institution of the suit wherein thedecree was passed or after the passing of

the decree, any area has been transferred from the jurisdictionof that Court to the jurisdiction of any

other Court; but in every such case, such other Court shall alsohave jurisdiction to execute the decree, if

at the time of making the application for exec ution of the decree it would have jurisdiction to try the said

suit.]

1. Sub-section (3) omitted by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 3 (w.e.f.1-1-1957)

38. Court by which decree may be executed.

A decree may be exec uted either by the court which passed it,or by the Court to which it is sent for

execution.

COMMENTS

(i) Retransfer of execution proceedings at the instance of thejudgment debtors do not preclude the

decree holders from initiating fresh ex ecution proceedingsagainst other judgement debtors at original

court; Om Prakash v. M/s. Hargovind Raj Kumar, AIR 1993 Raj68.

(ii) Injunction decree is not enforc eable. However, it can beenforced by seeking police aid on necessary

directions from the Court; Matha Gavarayya v . DistrictCollector, E.G. Distt., AIR 1993 A P 103.

39. Transfer of decree.

(1) The Court which passed a decree may, on the application ofthe decree-holder, send it for ex ecution

to another Court 1 [of competent jurisdiction],-

(a) if the person against whom the decree is passed actually andvoluntarily resides or carries on

business, or personally works for gain, within the local limitsof the jurisdiction of such other Court, or

(b) if such person has not property within the local limits ofthe jurisdiction of the Court which passed

the decree sufficient to satisfy such decree and has propertywithin the local limits of the jurisdiction of

such other Court, or

(c) if the decree directs the sale or delivery of immovableproperty situate outside the local limits of the

jurisdiction of the Court which passed it, or

(d) if the Court which passed the decree considers for any otherreason, which it shall record in writing,

that the decree should be executed by such other Court.

(2) The Court which passed the decree may of its own motion sendit for execution to any subordinate

Court of competent jurisdiction.

1[(3) For the purposes of this section, a Court shall be deemedto be a Court of c ompetent jurisdiction if,

at the time of making the application for the transfer of decreeto it, such Court would have jurisdiction

to try the suit in which such decree was passed.]

2[(4) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to authorise theCourt which passed a decree to execute

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such decree against any person or property outside the locallimits of its jurisdiction.]

STAT E AMENDMENTS

Uttar Pradesh-Sub-section (3) of section 39 shall besubstituted.

(3) For the purpose of this section, a court shall be deemed tobe a court o f competent jurisdiction if the

amount or value of the subject matter of the suit wherein thedecree was passed does not exceed the

pecuniary limits if any of its ordinary jurisdiction at the timeof making the application for the tr ansfer of

decree to it, notwithstanding that it had otherwise nojurisdiction to try the suit. [Vide U.P. Ac t No. 31

of 1978, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 1-8-1978)].

1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, S. 18 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

2. Ins. by CPC Act No. of 2002 section 2 (w.e.f. 1 -7-2002).

40. Transfer of decree to Court in another State.

Where a decree is sent fo r execution in another State, it shallbe sent to such Court and executed in such

manner as may be prescribed by rules in force in that State.

41. Result of execution proceedings to be certified.

The Court to which a decree is sent for execution shall certifyto the Court which passed it the fact of

such execution, or where the former Court fails to execute thesame the circumstances attending such

failure.

42. Powers of Court in executing transferred decree.

1[(1)] The Court executing a decree sent to it shall have thesame powers in executing such decree as if it

had been passed by itself. All persons disobeying or obstructingthe execution of the decree shall be

punishable by such Court in the same manner as if it had passedthe decree. And its order in executing

such decree shall be subject to the same rules in respect ofappeal as if the decree had been passed by

itself.

2[(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions ofsub-section (1) the powers of the Court

under that sub-section shall include the following powers of theCourt passed the decree, namely:-

(a) power to send the decree for execution to another Courtunder section 39;

(b) power to ex ecute the decr ee against the legalrepresentative of the deceased judgment-debtor under

section 50;

(c) power to order attachment of a decree.

(3) A Court passing an order in exercise of the powers specifiedin sub-section (2) shall send a copy

thereof to the Court which passed the decree.

(4) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to confer on theCourts to which a decree is sent for

execution any of the fo llowing powers, namely-

(a) power to order execution at the instance of the transfereeof the decree;

(b) in the case of a decree passed against a firm, power togrant leave to exec ute such decree against any

person other than such a person as is referred to in clause (b),or clause (c), of sub-rule (1) of rule 50 of

Order XXI.]

STATE AMENDMENT

Uttar Pradesh-Section 42 shall be substituted by following.

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42. Power of Court in executing transferred decree:

(1) The court executing a decree sent to it shall have the samepowers in executing such decree as if it

had been passed by itself. All persons disobeying or obstructingthe decree shall be punishable by such

court in the same manner as if it had passed the decree, and itsorder in executing such decree shall be

subject to the same rules in respect of appeal as if the decreehad been passed by itself.

(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions ofsub-section (1) the powers of the court under

that sub-section shall include the following powers of the courtwhich passed the decree, namely-

(a) power to send the decree for execution to another courtunder section 39.

(b) power to execute the decree against the legal representativeof the deceased judgment debtor under

section 50.

(c) power to order attachment of a decree.

(d) power to decide any question relating to the bar oflimitation to the

executability of the decree.

(e) power to record payment or adjustment under Rule 2 of orderXXI.

(f) power to order stay of execution under Rule 29 OrderXXI,

(g) in the case of a decree passed against a firm power to grantleave to exec ute such decree against any

person other than a person as is referred to in clause (b) orclause (c) of sub-rule (1) of Rule 5 0 of Order

XXI.

(3) A court passing an order in exercise of the powers specifiedin sub-section (2) shall send a copy

thereof to the court which passed the decree.

(4) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to confer on thecourt to which a decree is sent for ex ecution,

the power to order exec ution at the instance of the transfer ofa decree.

[Vide U.P. Act No. 14 of 1970, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 8-4-197 0)].

1. Section 42 renumbered as sub-section (1) thereof by Act No.104 of 1976, sec. 19

(w.e.f. 1-2-1977)

2. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 19 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

43. Execution of decrees passed by Civil Courts in places towhich thisCode does not extend.

1[Execution of decrees passed by Civil Courts in places to whichthis Code does not extend.

Any decree passed by any Civil Court established in any part ofIndia to which the prov isions of this

Code do not extend, or by any Court established or continued bythe authority of the Central

Government outside India, may, if it cannot be executed withinthe jurisdiction of the Court by which it

was passed, be executed in the manner herein prov ided withinthe jurisdiction of any Court in the

territories to which this Code extends].

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 8, for section 43 (w.e.f.1-4-1951)

44. Execution of decrees passed by Revenue Court in places towhichthis Code does not extend.

1[Execution of decrees passed by Revenue Court in places towhich this Code does not ex tend.

The State Government may, by notification in the OfficialGazette, declare that the decrees of any

Revenue Court in any part of India to which the provisions ofthis Code do not extend or any class of

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such decrees, may be ex ecuted in the State as if they had beenpassed by Courts in that State].

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 9, for section 44 (w.e.f.1-4-1951)

44A. Execution of decrees passed by Courts in reciprocatingterritory.

1[44A . Execution of decrees passed by Courts in reciprocatingterritory.

(1) Where a certified copy of decree of any of the superiorCourts of 2[***] any reciprocating territory

has been filed in a District Court, the decree may be executedin3

[India] as if it had been passed by theDistrict Court.

(2) Together with the certified copy of the decree shall befiled a certificate from such superior Court

stating the ex tent, if any, to which the decree has beensatisfied or adjusted and such certificate shall, for

the purposes of proceedings under this section, be conclusiveproof of the ex tent of such satisfaction or

adjustment.

(3) The provisions of section 47 shall as from the filing of thecertified copy of the decree apply to the

proceedings of a District Court ex ecuting a decree under thissection, and the District Court shall refuse

execution of any such decree, if it is shown to the satisfactionof the Court that the decree falls within any

of the exc eptions specified in clauses (a) to (f) of section13.

4[Explanation 1- "Reciprocating territory" means any country orterritory outside India which the

Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,declare to be a r eciprocating territory

for the purposes of this section; and "superior Courts", withreference to any such territory, means such

Courts as may be specified in the said notification.

Explanation 2.- "Decree" with reference to a superior Courtmeans any decree or judgment of such Court

under which a sum of money is payable, not being a sum payablein respect of tax es or other charges of a

like nature or in respect to a fine or ot her penalty, but shallin no case include an arbitration award, ev en

if such an award is enforceable as a decree or judgment.]]

1. Ins. by Act 8 of 1937, sec. 2

2. The words United Kingdom or: omitted by Act 71 of 1952, sec.2

3. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 3, for the States (w.e.f.1-4-1951)

4. Subs. by Act 71 of 1952, sec. 2, for Explanation 1 to 3.

45. Execution of decrees outside India.

1[45. Execution of decrees outside India.

So much of the foregoing sections of this Part as empowers aCourt to send a decree for execution to

another Court shall be construed as empowering a Court in anyState to send a decree for ex ecution to

any Court established 2[***] by the authority of the CentralGovernment3[outside India] to which the

State Government has by notification in the Official Gazettedeclared this section to apply].

STAT E AMENDMENTS

Pondicherry-After section 4 5 insert the following:-

45-A. Ex ecution of decrees etc . passed or made before theCommencement of the Code in Pondicherry-

Any Judgment, decree or order passed or made before theCommencement of this Code by any Civil

Court in the Union Territory of Pondicherry shall for thepurpose of ex ecution be deemed to have been

passed or made under this Code.

Provided that nothing contained in this section shall beconstrued as extending the period of limitation

to which any proceeding in respect of such judgment decree ororder may be subject.

[Vide Act No. 26 of 1 968, sec. 3(i) and Sch., Pt II (w.e.f.5-9-1968)].

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1. Subs. by the A.O. 1937, for section 45.

2. T he words or continued omitted by the A.O. 1948.

3. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for in any I